07.13/01

Environmental management and protection considerations can also be embedded into donor and contract requirements. The technical component of a contract – or Statement of Work –varies depending on the nature of the activity and location. It is where any specific environmental considerations can be included.^{6 7} 

An SOP on the environment in line with IMAS 07.13 and national mine action standards may also be used to highlight specific measures and legal obligations, and show that quality assurance/quality control procedures are in place as part of the framework for compliance.

Table 2 – Example standard operating procedure structure

5.2 Understanding the consequences for climate and environmental context and needs

Climate change, biodiversity loss and pollution are urgent global concerns.⁸ Land contaminated with EO can include areas rich in biodiversity, or natural habitats and ecosystems that serve as important carbon sinks or stores. In other cases, communities affected by contamination are also dealing with environmental pressures caused by climate change, regional deforestation, land degradation, waste and pollution, biodiversity loss, water scarcity, over-exploitation of local resources or impacts on food.

Table 3 – Global and regional environmental/climate issues, and local needs linked with mine action

1. The clearance and removal of EO is critical for supporting sustainable livelihoods, but can cause adverse impacts on the environment, if not appropriately managed.⁹ Mine action should be undertaken while preventing or minimizing harm to the environment. This includes steps to avoid or reduce greenhouse gas emissions that cause global warming and climate change. Following land release, mine action can also provide multiple benefits to communities by facilitating the implementation of locally-led climate adaptation initiatives, environmental remediation and access for biodiversity and conservation programmes. However, there can be unintended environmental consequences following land release through increased land access and, in some cases, increased unsustainable land use.

Chemical contamination of soil and water from the use and legacy of EO can also present risks to mine action organizations, the local community and the wider environment.¹⁰ This includes EO which may corrode over time, leading to the release of explosive components – including metals and common explosives, such as TNT, RDX or HMX¹¹ – which can harm the environment, wildlife and people. Pollution may have also been caused from conflict damage to industrial sites, infrastructure and from the generation of debris,¹² and from previous land use practices. The risks to the environment from chemical contamination depend on several factors, including the nature and extent of pollutants present, the location and its environmental setting, and the routes by which people or the wider environment may be exposed to contaminants present (see Annex C).

Environmental management approaches – including the implementation of accredited environmental management systems (EMSs), such as ISO 14001:2015 – address adverse environmental impacts and support more environmentally responsible mine action programmes. The adoption of an accredited EMS may not be feasible, but environmental management principles can still be followed. Different measures and approaches may be put in place depending on the context, with engagement with the local community, experts and other stakeholders to inform decision-making and knowledge of the range of potential environmental impacts, as well as social impacts. Following the humanitarian “do no harm” principle, the mine action sector shall also collaborate with these stakeholders, and communicate the results.

Poor environmental protection puts pressure on the ecosystem services on which people depend.¹³ Environmental protection should be balanced and viewed in consideration to other risks – including a threat to life or socio-economic factors – and linked to issues of concern of the impacted population. Improved environmental protection in the mine action sector can lead to improved socio-economic conditions at the local and national levels.

An overarching environmental best practice checklist is given in Annex B.

5.3 Identifying and evaluating climate and environmental aspects and impacts

5.3.1 General

Environmental screening and assessment should be well-defined, and carried out to evaluate the local environment, its sensitivity and to identify key environmental issues to be addressed. It involves systematically evaluating both adverse and beneficial outcomes, through identifying and evaluating potential risks and any uncertainties.

Defining the scope and purpose of environmental assessment

• Who will be the main user of the environmental assessment results?
• What type of information will be most useful for informed decision-making?
• What policies and decisions will be informed by the environmental assessment?
• What is the time frame in which the assessment needs to take place? Rapid assessment or an assessment which is forward-looking and includes scenarios about the future?
• Will the assessment need to be repeated?
• What are the legislative or regulatory requirements?
• What level of certainty is required, and how will any uncertainty be communicated?
• How will cumulative and combined effects be considered?

All relevant stakeholders who may be affected by or have an interest in the outcome of the assessment should be identified at an early stage. Stakeholder engagement should be iterative, and is likely required at the onset, during and on completion of the assessment. Stakeholder and public engagement is required to gather local knowledge, address any concerns, present findings and communicate any further actions required. This can include important local and indigenous knowledge on local biodiversity and wildlife, native planting, presence of invasive species, climate trends and other environmental data.

The assessment should link with programme approval cycle, with the process tailored to the specific context and scale of the project, action or event being evaluated. Where environmental risks are identified:

• mitigation measures should then be developed and implemented to reduce risks to acceptable levels;
• residual risks should be recorded; and
• any issues should be logged.

EIAs, social impact assessments and risk assessments are common tools used to assess impacts and risks in various sectors, such as infrastructure development, natural resource management and public health. The ultimate goal is to make informed decisions that promote sustainable development, minimize negative impacts and enhance the well-being of communities and ecosystems.

Figure 1 – Environmental assessment process

5.3.2 Environmental baseline (or profile) and sensitivity

An environmental baseline, or profile, refers to the environmental characteristics of an area before activities or project work takes place. In other words, it refers to the current state or condition of a specific area, ecosystem or environment before any significant changes or disturbances occur. It serves as a reference point against which future changes or impacts can be measured, and provides an understanding of the environmental setting and its sensitivity. The baseline typically included information about the physical, biological and chemical characteristics of an area.

Typical baseline environmental information required in a mine action context

Biodiversity and conservation status

• Is the area of operation located in or close to an environmentally sensitive, ecologically important or protected area (terrestrial or marine)?
• Are there any protected wildlife species in or near to the area of operation?
• Are there any other known conservation or ecological management activities in the area?
• Have any wildlife or conservation issues been raised through community engagement?

Climate patterns and trends

• Have there been changes in rainfall amounts in recent years?
• Have there been changes in rainfall patterns in recent years (for example, longer rainy seasons, longer dry seasons)?
• Has there been recent or more frequent surface or river flooding?
• Has there been recent or more frequent coastal flooding?
• Have there been recent or more frequent mud or landslides?
• Has there been an increase in landscape fires or burning?
• Has there been an increase in annual average temperatures?
• What have local communities observed?
• What are local coping strategies?
• How are local livelihoods likely to be affected?
• How are local ecosystems likely to be affected?
• Are there opportunities for introducing ecologically-based adaptation (EbA) initiatives?

Geology and soil composition, including soil stability, topography and erosion risk

• What is the soil type in the area of operation?
• What are the ground conditions in the area of operation?
• What is the local topography and terrain?
• What is the average slope/gradient of the area?

Habitat type, distribution and changes (for example, due to regional deforestation, landscape fires, urban growth)

• What is the prevailing vegetation cover?
• What is the secondary most common vegetation cover in the area?
• What is the vegetation density in the area of operation?
• What is the age/maturity of the vegetation?
• Has there been deforestation and development in recent decades?
• Are invasive species present which are problematic?

Historic and previous land uses, including likelihood of existing pollution or environmental degradation

• What is known about any previous or historic land use in the area?
• Is there a potential for sources of pollution to be present in or adjacent to the area?
• Is there any visual evidence of pollution on or adjacent to the area?

Human activities, cultural assets and current land use across the area

• What is the existing predominant land use?
• What is the distance to the nearest residential/populated areas?
• Are there any significant historical or cultural sites near to the area of operation?

Local water features and water quality

• Are surface water features in or near to the area of operation?
• What is the distance to the nearest water feature?
• What are the anticipated groundwater conditions in the area?
• Where does water drain from the area of operation?
• What is the main water source of the local population?

By establishing an environmental baseline, changes over time or the effects of specific activities can be assessed, and appropriate mitigation measures set to minimize adverse environmental impacts.

Geospatial and open-source data can be used to inform the environmental baseline, but should be supplemented by non-technical surveys, site visits, consultation with local and regional authorities and local community engagement. Periodic reviews are recommended due to ongoing updates and availability of open-source data.

Table 4 – Examples of open-source and other resources to help establish environmental baselines and the environmental sensitivity

Table 5 – Supplementary sources to help establish environmental baselines and the environmental sensitivity

The baseline information is essential for making informed decisions, predicting potential impacts and designing effective mitigation or management strategies, together with any information about intended future use. Environmental sensitivity depends on the tolerance of the system and how it responds to change, stress or disturbance. For example, the sensitivity of a habitat may be based on the species present and likely respond to noise and ground-shock/vibrations from detonations, and vegetation clearance. Understanding both environmental baseline and its sensitivity is important in the assessment of the significance of an environmental impact.

Human activities, including the extent of regional deforestation, intense farming and overgrazing practices, the extent and frequency of landscape fires and increases in development and urban growth should be noted, since these can exacerbate the effects of climate change and other adverse environmental impacts in the area.

In relation to land and soils, note whether the area is already affected by erosion and whether mine action may cause this to increase, leading to soil compaction and further degradation. Information on land use practices can also help inform decisions on mitigation or enhancement options, such as options to subdivided fields and plant trees

5.3.3 Environmental aspects and impacts

The minimum environmental aspects of the mine action activities, inputs, products and services are given in IMAS 07.13 and include:

1. emissions to air, water and land;
2. use of raw materials and natural resources;
3. use of energy;
4. vegetation clearance, ground disturbance and construction;
5. noise and ground-shock/vibrations;
6. release of greenhouse gas emissions;
7. disturbance of pre-existing chemical contamination;
8. generation of waste; and
9. emergency events, which includes responses to extreme weather events due to climate change.

For each aspect, there is a potential environmental impact, which includes pollution of soil, water and air; nuisance and disruption to local people; disruption to wildlife and habitat; loss of soil fertility and function; soil erosion; altered landscapes (due to cratering and bombturbation³⁸); damage to heritage; and an increased vulnerability to the effects of climate change.

Travel, energy and fuel use, and procurement are likely the key organizational environmental issues across mine action programmes. The key environmental impacts for mine action field activities themselves relate to soil, vegetation, wildlife and the release of chemicals into the environment. Environmental impacts following land release depend on the nature of land use and the outcome of any environmental enhancement initiatives put in place. In the absence of implementing enhancement opportunities, land use following land release may result in other adverse environmental impacts which are not mitigated.

Key environmental impacts from mine action field activities

Soil compaction, degradation and erosion – the use of mechanical demining machines and the detonation of EO can damage soils and cause compaction. Degraded soils lose their capacity to store water, nutrients and carbon, as well as the capability to support important soil microbes, which weakens its ability to support growing crops or the wider ecosystem. The exposure of top soils and removal of vegetation can affect the physical or chemical properties of soils and reduce its quality. Soil degradation includes loss of the nutrient-rich topsoil through erosion, loss of organic matter, salinization, acidification and loss of structural stability.

Vegetation and wildlife – some regions where mine action takes place see high rates of regional deforestation. Tree and vegetation cover loss can exacerbate the effects of climate change, with heavy rainfall on bare or sparsely vegetated slopes increasing the likelihood of flooding downgradient and causing soil erosion and slope instability. Clearing of vegetation during mine action can also cause adverse impacts, especially if this generates areas of bare ground which include ecologically important habitat. In some cases, vegetation clearance can be positive for example where this involves the removal of invasive species to improve conditions for native species. In contrast, it can remove cover which create shade for crops, people or animals.

The release of chemicals to the environment can take place from the detonation, demolition or corrosion of EO – Soil, surface water and underlying groundwater may be affected by detonations, demolitions or from EO components leaking over time. The range of contaminants is broad, including metals and common explosive residues (such as TNT and RDX) which are both toxic. TNT can slowly degrade to form DNT, which is more toxic than TNT itself. RDX leaches from soils more readily than TNT, degrades slowly and is highly persistent in the environment. Other munition compounds – such as lead, antimony, copper, mercury and zinc – can also accumulate in the environment, percolate through permeable soils and eventually reach underlying groundwater or surface water, if present. The risk depends on the nature of EO, soils, the environmental receptors present, exposure routes and other factors, such as moisture and temperature. If the area is readily accessed by people and used to grow crops, there is a higher risk for exposure to contaminants from the consumption of crops and ingestion or inhalation of soils. Where possible, as much information about the EO components and their environmental fate and behaviour should be incorporated into the risk assessment to support the selection of effective mitigation measures.

Indirect impacts following land release – this includes the unintended environmental consequences due to land use and increased access following land release. This may include unsustainable agricultural practices, deforestation, urbanization, illegal logging, resource extraction, poaching, hunting and illegal wildlife trade.

5.3.4 Managing environmental risks

The evaluation of risk associated with each environmental aspect and impact aligns with IMAS 07.14, where risk is the probability (or likelihood) of an impact occurring and the magnitude (or severity) of the consequences. Managing environmental risks involves a combination of strategies, policies and actions aimed at preventing, mitigating and adapting to potential risks to the environment.

To reduce risks, capacities and resilience also play a role. Capacities refer to the ability of individuals, communities and organizations to effectively plan for, respond to and recover from incidents. Capacities can be physical or structural (for example, putting silt fences or using straw bales to capture silty run-off) or policy-based and non-structural (for example, implementation of sustainable travel policy).

Increasing awareness across mine action and communities through campaigns, workshops and community outreach also contributes to empowering individuals to support more sustainable behaviours and better manage environmental risks.

5.3.5 Climate change mitigation

Mine action also need to address climate change mitigation and take steps to avoid or reduce emissions of greenhouse gases that cause global warming and climate change by reviewing energy use and supply, transport and travel, waste, procurement and the supply chain. Practical measures which can be put in place depend on the region and mine action programme.

Measures to reduce organizational greenhouse gas emissions include:

• using accounting tools to manage and track progress;
• carrying out energy audits to identify energy efficiency opportunities and reduce demand;
• establishing travel and transport policies to reduce need and optimize efficiencies;
• switching to renewable clean energy alternatives, such as solar panels;
• considering “whole life” factors when selecting products or suppliers – cost, reliability, quality, energy efficiency/carbon footprint and disposal needs;
• implementing waste management systems and follow the waste hierarchy to avoid, reduce, reuse, recycle and dispose;
• optimizing the use of products or supplies made from recycled or recyclable materials, if possible;
• avoiding single-use plastics whenever possible;
• building awareness among staff.

Commitments to avoid or reduce greenhouse gas emissions should be monitored through the use of accounting tools, to manage and track progress. An example of an accounting tool made for humanitarian organizations is the Humanitarian Carbon Calculator, which is supported by guidance and training webinars.³⁹

5.4 Planning and tasking of mine action operations

IMAS 07.13 states the importance of including environmental protection and climate action perspectives into planning and tasking of mine action operations (see checklist in Annex B).

Pre-existing pollution and chemical contamination in soil and water can present risks to mine action organizations, the local community and the wider environment (see Annex C).

As a minimum, the following actions should be taken to manage potential risks to mine action organizations, the local community and the wider environment from chemical and other contaminants which may be present:

• carrying out an NTS and task planning to consider the potential for chemical pollution to be present in or adjacent to the task area, with specific questions directed to the local community and local authority;
• implementing an information management system to include the potential for chemical pollution and control measures to be in place;
• performing site reconnaissance to include a visual inspection of ground conditions, including checks for the signs of environmental incidents and risk of environmental harm – see list of examples above;
• providing appropriate PPE for site staff;
• organizing site induction to inform all mine action staff of anticipated ground conditions;
• maintaining appropriate records, detailing the date, location, nature, cause and severity (where possible) of the environmental incident and reporting body;
• reporting incidents to the site owners and occupants/users and where possible, the local authorities or other actors.

The following measures may also be required, depending on the specific site conditions and nature of the suspected or confirmed contamination. This list is not exhaustive and specialist environmental support is necessary:

• stopping work in the event of unacceptable contaminated or site conditions, only proceeding once risks have been adequately assessed, appropriate control measures are in place and permission granted from relevant authorities to proceed;
• where applicable, obtaining consent from the relevant authority to proceed and subject to any operating conditions and safety requirements;
• updating health and safety file updates depending on the nature of any environmental incidents;
• providing additional PPE and welfare facilities – such as washing and changing facilities – for site staff;
• ensuring specialist environmental supervision and environmental monitoring during technical survey and clearance activities (see Annex D Environmental monitoring, sampling and surveys);
• organizing the excavation, containment, segregation and/or treatment of contaminated soils, water or waste;
• taking dust suppression measures during windy conditions;
• providing barriers or drainage systems to control the risk of contaminated run-off;
• establishing controls to restrict public site access;
• encouraging community engagement to inform the local community of any immediate and potential risk and control measures in place;
• maintain a register of liaison with authorities and other actors, including advice received.

Maintain appropriate records of any remedial responses taken or corrective action needed. This should include the reasons for taking action, what needs to be done, any start and finish dates, whether action is needed to comply with legislation and/or best practice, the consequences of not carrying the action and responsibility of parties involved.

5.5 Climate/environmental literacy, and multi-sectoral coordination

Staff competencies should be maintained, with regular refresher training and updates. Many environmental and climate action training, webinars and courses are available, covering a broad range of environmental and climate themes relevant to humanitarian organizations.

Mine action is multi-sectoral, requiring effective teamwork and coordination between stakeholders, including those external to the mine action sector. Effective coordination across a range of stakeholders can also help to improve environmental awareness, climate resilience, deliver and result in better environmental and climate action–related outcomes. Effective coordination can also help to:

• avoid gaps in the delivery of support;
• better direct resources;
• avoid duplicating efforts;
• increase and build capacities;
• share knowledge and data;
• improve outcomes for local communities and other beneficiaries; and
• demonstrate success, leading to the possibility of sustained funding.

Coordination is required across a range of stakeholders, including politicians; government environmental authorities; national mine action centres and national mine action authorities; international, national and local environmental non-governmental organizations; UN organizations; contractors and mine action organizations; academia and consultants; and the local and impacted population. This includes government authorities and supporting agencies involved in natural disaster and extreme weather early warning systems, disaster risk reduction, national adaptation plans, biodiversity and conservation strategies, sustainable agriculture, and environmental remediation and pollution control (see Annex E).

6. Consideration of climate risk

6.1 Climate change and mine action

Climate change refers to long-term shifts in temperatures and weather patterns, with human activity as the main cause of the temperature rise which has already occurred.⁴⁰ There is unequivocal evidence that the Earth is warming at an unprecedented rate,⁴¹ with the effects of climate change already happening. Climate change presents additional challenges for mine action in how mine action operations are carried out, and how EO-contaminated areas and communities are affected.

The primary objective of mine action is to remove explosive hazards and reduce the risk for affected communities, but there is also a potential to support climate resilience and adaptation initiatives in EO-affected communities. People living in these communities are increasingly exposed to climate risks, with the compounding impacts of socio-economic factors, environmental degradation and conflict.⁴²

It is critical to consider the local context and traditional knowledge. Information on community-level vulnerability and capacity can inform decisions on the action to be taken, and build communities’ resilience to climate change.⁴³ Mine action can play a role in collecting this knowledge through community engagement and non-technical surveys.

6.2 Climate vulnerability

Conflict-affected countries are often the most vulnerable to climate change, and the mine action sector must adapt and remain capable of delivering effective and climate-resilient programmes, both in terms of how operations are delivered and how vulnerable communities can be supported.

The vulnerability and climate-risk profile for a country or region should be established and well understood for each mine action programme. Consultation with government and local agencies is essential.

Information from country-level climate profiles and climate projection data should also be supported by close dialogue with regional authorities, and community engagement.

Table 6 – Climate context

Country-level and scientific data used in conjunction with local knowledge and experience is important to identify:

• how climate change may be already impacting the region and local communities;
• how this may impact gender or social groups differently; and
• what local coping strategies may already be in place.

Mine action programmes should also be aware of the climate impacts facing communities, the uncertainties around them and, where possible, seek opportunities where mine action planning and operations can support local adaptation or mitigation strategies, as part of the land release process. In the absence of implementing enhancement opportunities, land use following land release may result in other adverse environmental impacts which are not mitigated (see Annex F).

6.3 Use of climate information

Information about past and recent trends, likely projections and potential impacts can help to manage climate risks. Climate information does contain uncertainties on future temperature rises, shifting rainfall patterns, sea level rise and how changes may interact with other variables.⁴⁴ When using climate information, some precautions are advised.⁴⁵

• Conducting climate analysis which is too detailed or not suitably tailored for the decisions to be made can distract from effectively managing climate risks through improved planning or design.
• Using single, best-guess estimates of future conditions fails to consider a range of future scenarios, as well as uncertainties. Take account of the range of climate variability and extremes to ensure decisions are robust and consider a range of future conditions.
• Attributing observed impacts, trends or events to climate change based on anecdotal evidence alone can lead to ineffective management of other risks. Use a combination of information sources to define trends and impacts.
• Do not assume that the uncertainties around climate change means that there is no useful climate information.

6.4 Defining the scope

An assessment of how climate change may affect mine action operations is required, to ensure that:

• climate-related risks to operations and communities can be effectively managed;
• the operating capacity and the safety of field staff or communities is not compromised; and
• the prioritization and implementation of mine action programmes are scrutinized in relation to climate-related risks.

Climate risks refer to the potential for climate change to create adverse consequences for human or ecological systems. The risks that climate change within a country or geographical region may pose to programmes and specific tasks should be identified, and whether risks may arise from gradual changes in climate trends or more extreme weather-related events. In accordance with IMAS 07.14, risk is the probability (or likelihood) of an impact occurring and the magnitude (or severity) of the consequences.

Climate risk management integrates climate-related information into decision-making to decrease potential loss and damage. It also includes planning and implementing for a range of possible future climate scenarios, and building in the flexibility to adjust and adapt to a changing climate.

Figure 2 Climate risk management principles⁴⁶

The interaction between climate and conflict sensitivity risks is complex, and beyond the scope of this TNMA. However, mine action programmes should be aware of this interrelationship, and of how the vulnerability of communities to climate change may adversely influence social, economic and political conditions.^{47 48}

6.5 Identifying climatic-impact drivers, climate impacts and risks

Climate-related impacts can affect lives, livelihoods, health, ecosystems and infrastructure. In mine action, this can impact programming, working practices and the choice and deployment of equipment and clearance techniques. Mine action programmes should review whether offices or field-based activities are vulnerable to climate-related impacts, such as flooding, increased risk of wildfires, extreme working temperatures, landslides or subsistence, dust storms, soil erosion, or failure of services (for example water or electricity). The potential risk of increased harm to any nearby receptors due to climate-related events should be reviewed, and opportunities identified to manage and reduce unacceptable risks.

A climatic-impact driver is a condition, event or trend related to climate variability, which can exacerbate hazards for mine action organizations. Examples of climatic-impact drivers include higher temperatures, prolonged or intense rainfall, droughts, storm surges and stronger winds. Given the potential impact, the risk to mine action operations should be evaluated and the findings integrated into prioritization, planning and decision-making. Examples of how climate-related impacts may affect mine action operations are given in Table 7.

Table 7 – Examples of how climate-related impacts may affect mine action operations

Climate tools and resources (see Annex F), including country climate risk profiles are available to support preliminary climate-risk assessments for mine action programmes and provide general climate trends. Climate and environmental information should be collected as early as possible and periodically reviewed at key stages of mine action programmes.

Table 8 – Stages in mine action programmes to collect and review climate and environmental data

Information from the affected population on how they experience changes in weather, local wildlife, livelihoods and related income and other climate and environmental patterns should also be considered when assessing the climate risks and planning for mine action operations, as well how gender and social groups may be affected differently.

6.6 Assessing adaptive capacity

Once climate impacts are identified, the adaptive capacity should be considered. This refers to the capacity of an individual, community, organization or nation’s ability to plan and adapt to the impact of climate change. Since mine action organizations can be vulnerable – as well as the population in post-conflict and conflict-affected areas – mine action programmes should be aware of how they are affected, and ensure that their planning and operations support local mitigation or adaptation strategies, where possible.

In addition, drivers may be exacerbated by other local tensions or conflict and the vulnerability of specific groups (including gender-related) or communities should be considered. For example, women are more dependent on natural resources and, in many regions, are disproportionately responsibility for securing food and water. This means they can be more exposed to losses in income and climate change pressures on natural resources.^{51 52} Any local adaptation plans that are already in place or planned should be reviewed, and whether they are likely to be effective.

6.7 Evaluating, managing and communicating climate risk

The evaluation of risk associated with a climate impact aligns with IMAS 07.14, where risk is the probability (or likelihood) of an impact occurring and the magnitude (or severity) of the consequences. Mine action stakeholders should ensure that potential climate risks are communicated and appropriately acted on at the appropriate level.

Regular monitoring allows for further adaptive management and, if unexpected risks arise, adjustments can be made in real time to minimize ongoing risks to mine action programmes.

Table 9 – Communicating and acting on identified climate risks in mine action

6.8 Identifying opportunities and adaptative planning

Mine action stakeholders are required to take steps to adapt and improve the climate resilience of their organization and activities, as well as minimizing their own greenhouse gas emissions. Climate resilience refers to the capacity to cope with a climate event or trend in ways that essential function, identity and structure is maintained. In other words, it means having the capacity and ability to cope with the anticipated effects of climate change and recover efficiently from their impacts, in a timely manner.

Identifying opportunities to put in place adaptation planning requires an understanding of local adaptation plans already in place, their likely effectiveness and which additional measures may be taken to reduce or address the consequences of climate change. Prioritization and any additional funding needs should also be considered.

The climate resilience of communities can also be supported where mine action operates, and it can involve a range of solutions to enhance the long-term capacity of communities and support adaptation strategies. For communities, a single adaptation intervention is unlikely to achieve a long-term increase in resilience and should be considered as an iterative process in which adaptation approaches build on previous successes. Local ownership and collaboration with local partners are key.

Locally-led adaptation promotes bottom-up approaches to better facilitate local initiatives, allowing communities to drive the development of projects and decision-making, through guided support and sharing data.⁵³ Guidance is available on supporting communities in the planning of locally-led adaptation and resilience, and mine action should be encouraged to work collaboratively with partners to help deliver such adaptation initiatives.

Table 10 – Working collaboratively to help deliver adaptation and enhancement initiatives

6.9 Mitigation, compensation and enhancement

Mitigation refers to measures and strategies aimed at minimizing or reducing the negative environmental impacts of a project or activity. Examples of mitigation practices applicable to mine action are given in section 5.3.5. The list of examples given is not exhaustive, and regionally specific measures may also be relevant. Importantly, early identification and implementation of appropriate mitigation measures is necessary to avoid or reduce adverse impacts.

Compensation refers to actions where significant negative impacts cannot be avoided or mitigated, and compensatory measures may be appropriate. This involves habitat restoration, reforestation or wildlife conservation efforts that offset the harm caused by mine action operations. Compensation should be seen as a last resort, when all other mitigation options have been exhausted. Some examples of compensation measures are given in Annex G.

Enhancement is an action which provides net benefits for the environment beyond the requirement to avoid, mitigate or compensate for any adverse environmental effects. In mine action, environmental enhancement may involve transforming cleared minefields into nature reserves, creating sustainable agricultural practices in cleared areas, or implementing water resource management programmes. The goal of enhancement is to leave the environment in a better condition than before the project or activity began. Some examples of enhancement measures are given in Annex G.

For both effective compensation and effective enhancement initiatives, meaningful consultation with local environmental experts, regulatory authorities, and community representatives is key.

It is important to tailor measures to the specific needs and conditions of the project and the environment in question. Collaboration with environmental experts, local authorities and community stakeholders is essential to ensure that enrichment measures are effective and sustainable. These measures not only protect the environment, but also contribute to the long-term well-being of both ecosystems and human communities. The suitability depends on several factors, such as climate, topography, soils, nearby habitats and landscape features, but is critically driven by local knowledge and specialist input.

7. Monitoring

A monitoring system is required to track progress, assess environmental outcomes and ensure that mitigation, compensation measures and improvement are effective. An environmental best practice checklist is given in Annex B.

Monitoring systems should be tailored to the specific project and environmental context. The frequency and type of any specific data collected varies depending on timelines, community and environmental setting.

Considerations for monitoring systems

At the onset, establish the environmental baseline. This serves as a reference point for evaluating changes over time.

• The use of environmental key performance indicators (KPIs) depends on the location and focus. KPIs may include mileage, energy use data, waste, air and water quality, biodiversity indicators, soil health and soil quality, improvements in staff or community awareness.
• Consider routine data collection at regular intervals throughout the duration of the programme, including sites and offices.
• Further environmental assessment and surveys may be required to periodically review specific tasks or locations. This should include both adverse and beneficial impacts.
• Check and update environmental legislation and compliance registers to ensure compliance with all relevant environmental laws and regulations, and that any necessary permits in place. Monitor and document adherence to these requirements.
• Consider the use remote sensing technology and geographic information systems to track changes in the environmental baseline, including land use, vegetation cover and other environmental parameters.

The records of all monitoring activities should be retained, with regular reporting generated to allow comparison to any established KPIs and targets (see TNMA 07.11/02). The data can then be used to make informed decisions about adjusting project activities, equipment needs, mitigation measures or compensation initiatives as needed. On completion and land release, there are also direct and indirect benefits from the reporting of environmental data as part of the handover documentation (see Annex H and TNMA 05.10/01).

Wherever possible, monitoring and performance should be shared with stakeholders, including local communities, environmental organizations and relevant authorities to share monitoring findings and address concerns or suggestions. In particular, post-completion monitoring is important to determine whether any long-term environmental effects are addressed and that compensation initiatives are successful.

A well-designed monitoring system helps ensure that environmental projects achieve their intended goals and decrease negative impacts. It provides stakeholders with valuable information for decision-making and accountability throughout the project's lifecycle and beyond (see also IMAS 07.40).

8. Review and improvements

Where funding timeframes allow, post-clearance assessments should take place at least six months to one year following the completion of field activities to review land use and to assess the outcome of environmental measures put in place. However, in some cases the outcomes may take much longer. Where land use or planting initiatives are incorporated, aftercare planning ensuring local community buy-in is needed.

Mine action organizations and contractors are expected to meet the performance criteria which are embedded into the funding award or contract, and to provide evidence of progress on their environmental commitments. In case of continued failure to meet the environmental obligations or make improvements, corrective action should be taken.

Donors should be informed of significant environmental incidents, or climate-related events that affect the delivery of the mine action programme or contract, as soon as possible. This includes any significant environmental damage caused due to negligence or disregard to operating procedures. Environmental or climate-related incidents/accidents should be reported (see Annex I) treated as nonconformities and investigated in accordance with IMAS 10.60. Mine action organizations and contractors also should be encouraged to raise any environmental concerns, feedback or improvement opportunities they have identified to donors. Where viable, donors may seek to explore and action environmental improvement opportunities identified.

Annex A (informative): References

1. IMAS 04.10, Glossary of mine action terms, definitions and abbreviations
2. IMAS 05.10/01, Measurement and reporting of beneficiaries
3. IMAS 07.11, Land release
4. IMAS 07.12, Quality management in mine action
5. IMAS 07.13, Environmental management and climate change in mine action
6. IMAS 07.14, Risk management in mine action
7. IMAS 07.20, Guide for the development and management of mine action contracts
8. IMAS 07.40, Monitoring of mine action organizations
9. IMAS 07.50, Management of human remains in mine action
10. IMAS 08.10, Non-technical survey
11. IMAS 08.20, Technical survey
12. IMAS 08.30, Post-clearance documentation
13. TNMA 09.30/02, Clearance of depleted uranium hazards
14. IMAS 09.50, Mechanical land release
15. IMAS 10.60, Investigation and reporting of accidents and incidents
16. IMAS 11.20, Principles and procedures for open burning and open detonation operations
17. IMAS 14.10, Guide for the evaluation of mine action interventions

Annex B (informative): Environmental best practice checklist

Annex F (informative)
Resources to help establish climate-risk profiles for mine action programmes⁶²

Annex G (informative)
Examples of compensation and enhancement measures opportunities

G1. Compensation

Compensation is often seen as a way to achieve a neutral or beneficial environmental impact by restoring or improving the environment in response to any damage or loss. Examples include:

• applying soil stabilization methods, such as revegetation and erosion control mats, in areas where soil disturbance is a concern;
• being prepared to adjust compensation initiatives as necessary based on project monitoring and feedback from environmental experts and stakeholders;
• dedicating portions of the project site as permanent conservation areas or green spaces;
• developing educational programmes for project staff, local communities and schools to raise awareness about environmental issues;
• ensuring these areas are preserved in their natural state, allowing for the regeneration of native vegetation and wildlife;
• establishing or contributing to protected areas, wildlife reserves or ecological corridors to safeguard habitats and species;
• funding infrastructure projects that directly benefit the environment, such as waste treatment facilities, pollution control systems and green transportation options;
• identifying and protecting areas with high biodiversity value both within and outside the project site;
• implementing erosion control measures, such as terracing, riparian buffers and bioengineering techniques, to prevent soil erosion;
• implementing wetland enhancement initiatives, such as water level management and the removal of invasive species;
• investing in water resource management projects, such as riverbank stabilization, watershed protection and water quality improvement;
• planting native trees and vegetation in areas adjacent to the project site to restore or enhance forest cover;
• promoting and supporting sustainable farming practices that reduce soil erosion, chemical use and water pollution;
• restoring and protecting wetlands that may have been impacted by the project.

G.2 Enhancement

Enhancement is an action which provides net benefits for the environment beyond the requirement to avoid, mitigate or compensate for any adverse environmental effects. Opportunities for environmental enhancement are varied and should be explored as early as possible. This may include opportunities to address climate change or historic environmental impacts caused by conflict or land use practices, such as loss, decline and removal of natural habitat or pollution. Examples include:

• conducting soil assessments and implement soil improvement techniques to enhance soil quality.
• better managing existing ecological features, including the removal of invasive species or planting and replacement with native species;
• introducing more sustainable farming practices and climate-smart agriculture;
• providing new ecological features or habitat which results in a net-gain in biodiversity;
• removing waste or debris;
• conserving and protecting wildlife.

Enhancement objectives may be specific (for example, for a designated area) or more wide-ranging, with the outcome affecting the wider community or regional environment. Consultation with local stakeholders and authorities is essential to identify opportunities for enhancement that would help deliver local priorities or contribute to partnership projects in the local area. In the absence of implementing enhancement opportunities, land use following land release may result in other adverse environmental impacts which are not mitigated.

Environmental enhancement opportunities on rural and agricultural land depends on the farming system and local context, but may include:

• creating nesting sites and wildlife corridors to facilitate the movement and breeding of native species;
• creating flower-rich pollinator habitats – for example, on field margins or by grassland restoration;
• creating seed-rich bird habitat – for example, on field margins and by leaving overwinter stubbles;
• developing ecotourism initiatives that allow visitors to appreciate the enhanced environment;
• developing land use plans that balance human needs with environmental protection;
• engaging in community outreach to promote environmental stewardship and involve local communities in conservation efforts;
• identifying and controlling invasive plant and animal species that can negatively impact the local ecosystem;
• promoting responsible water resource management, such as rainwater harvesting and water recycling;
• promoting sustainable agricultural and forestry practices that conserve soil and water resources and reduce the use of harmful chemicals;
• planting trees and creating woodland;
• protecting water resources – for example, by use of buffer strips and planting of cover crops. Buffer strips (for example, of perennial grasses) can help to reduce run-off or pollutants such as pesticides, fertilizers or sediment from fields into nearby watercourses. Cover crops can also help reduce pollutant run-off and soil erosion;
• restoring wetland. These can provide important habitats for wild flowers, insects, waders, wildfowl and aquatic species, as well as helping to store carbon and reduce the risk of downstream flooding and soil erosion.

The suitability depends on several factors – such as climate, topography, soils, nearby habitats and landscape features – but is critically driven by local knowledge and specialist input.

Planting native tree species can make a positive contribution to the environment.⁷⁴ In spite of the benefits, it is important that the right tree is planted in the right place. Just because trees may be capable of growing on land, they may not always be the right option.

Table C.1 – Guidelines principles

Annex H (informative)
Handover reporting and use of environmental data

There are direct and indirect benefits from the reporting of environmental data, assessment and action.

The land release and handover documentation should contain environmental reporting, the results of any climate or environmental assessments, and details on any mitigation action taken or environmental enhancement implemented. This may then be able to:

• demonstrate compliance and meeting of ”duty of care” obligations for the mine action organizations;
• highlight competencies and credentials;
• allow baseline environmental information to be provided to landowners and inform future land use considerations;
• support the identification of residual environmental or climate risks associated with the area;
• demonstrate potential environmental enhancement opportunities and highlight recommendations on land use practices;
• set out any land management or aftercare requirements to maintain any planting scheme or environmental initiatives implemented as part of any mine action activities;
• inform and support mine action authorities regarding the environmental issues and any residual risks;
• identify points of contact for relevant authorities, the UN or non-governmental organizations;
• enable the sharing of environmental datasets with collaboration partners, and minimize duplication of community outreach and data collection;
• support awareness-raising across local and wider communities;
• support improved climate and environmental outcomes for local communities and contribute to good community cohesion through collaborative ventures;
• increase potential for donor interest and future funding opportunities.

Annex I (informative)
Environmental incident reporting and non-compliance

Consistent reporting about environmental incidents, events or undesired circumstance helps to understand how and why something happened, and what may be put in place to prevent it happening or minimize the impact in case it happens again.

This includes responses to extreme weather and climate-related events, which may have impacted mine action site-based activities.

An environmental incident includes any situation which has caused harm or has the potential to cause harm to people, property (including crops and livestock) or the wider environment (that is, air, water, soil, habitat or wildlife).

Incident reporting should also include near-misses and non-compliance with environmental policy.

All environmental incidents and near-misses should be reported, which impact and relate directly to the mine action activities, external factors (such as a wildfire, flooding event or a pollution incident), and the communities where mine action activities take place.

Environmental incidents which may not relate directly to a mine action activity may be important to include, since:

• the cause and extent of the incident or non-compliance may need investigating;
• preventive or corrective action may need to be taken;
• authorities, landowners, occupants/users and the local community may need notifying; and
• the mine action activities themselves may need to be ruled out.

Events that may be reported include:

• damage to a structure or asset which may result in a loss or leak of fuel, chemicals or hazardous material to soil, water or air;
• a spill or pollution event;
• nuisance (for example, litter, odour) or noise, ground-shocks and vibrations;
• illegal or uncontrolled waste disposal and tipping;
• pre-existing soil contamination;
• damage to ecologically important habitat and protected areas, including illegal logging;
• damage to cultural assets;
• flooding event from surface water run-off, groundwater, inland or coastal waters;
• landscape or localized fire;
• landslides, subsidence or soil erosion;
• collapsed or badly damaged riverbanks;
• unusual changes in flowrates in rivers or streams;
• dead or gasping fish;
• injury or death to wildlife, including illegal trapping and killing;
• presence of invasive species;
• inspection or contact from the regulatory authorities;
• complaint from a local landowner, community leader, civil society group or member of the public;
• non-compliance with an organization’s environmental policy or standard operating procedure on environmental management.

An incident or near-miss report should include the following information:

• date, time and location;
• involved parties;
• person(s) witnessing or reporting the incident or near-miss;
• nature of the event (incident or near-miss), description and root cause, including weather events;
• extent and severity of the incident – estimate the area impacted and its severity. Is it localized or widespread? Is it at depth or near surface? What are the volumes and hazardous nature of materials or pollutants involved?;
• detail on what has been impacted – air, urban land, rural land, natural habitat, sewer/drain network, inland waters, coastal waters;
• detail on any visual or olfactory signs of contamination (colouration, odours, sheens);
• any corrective or preventive action to be taken;
• contact details of reporting party – in case any follow-up questions are needed;
• photographs – to show evidence of the nature and extent of the incident;
• detail on external parties who have been notified – for example, landowner, occupants/users, community leaders, authorities;
• follow-up and completion status.

Amendment record

Management of IMAS amendments

The IMAS series of standards are subject to formal review on a five-yearly basis. However, this does not preclude amendments being made within these five-year periods for reasons of operational safety and efficiency or for editorial purposes.

As amendments are made to this IMAS they are given a number. The date and general details of the amendment shown in the table below. The amendment is also shown on the cover page of the IMAS by the inclusion under the edition date of the phrase “incorporating amendment #.”

As the formal reviews of each IMAS are completed, new editions may be issued. In this case, amendments up to the date of the new edition are incorporated into the new edition and the amendment record table cleared. Recording of amendments then starts again until a further review is carried out.

The most recently amended IMAS are posted on the IMAS website at www.mineactionstandards.org.